When should a woman avoid using hormonal contraceptives?

• A. During breastfeeding
• B. With a history of recurrent UTIs
• C. In the presence of known or suspected pregnancy
• D. With a history of heavy menstrual bleeding

Answer: (C)

A woman should avoid using hormonal contraceptives in the presence of known or suspected pregnancy because these methods are designed to prevent ovulation and disrupt the normal hormonal cycle that supports a pregnancy. The use of hormonal contraceptives during pregnancy may not only be ineffective but could also pose potential risks to the developing fetus. For this reason, verifying whether a woman is pregnant before initiating or continuing hormonal contraception is crucial.

In contrast, hormonal contraceptives can sometimes be used during breastfeeding, depending on the type of contraceptive and the timing postpartum. A history of recurrent UTIs does not inherently contraindicate hormonal contraceptive use, as they do not directly affect urinary tract health. Additionally, while women with heavy menstrual bleeding may need to be evaluated for underlying conditions, hormonal contraceptives can actually help regulate menstrual flow and are often used as treatment in such cases.