Which condition are combined oral contraceptives NOT likely to cause?

• A. Thromboembolism
• B. Hypertension
• C. Gallbladder disease
• D. Ovarian cysts

Answer: (D)

Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are designed to regulate hormonal levels in women, primarily for contraceptive purposes but also to manage various gynecological conditions. While COCs are associated with certain risks and side effects, they are not typically linked to the formation of ovarian cysts.

When a woman uses COCs, the hormones in these pills suppress ovulation. This inhibition of ovulation reduces the likelihood of new cysts forming, as ovarian cysts often occur as a result of an unfertilized egg being released and not having any regard for the body's hormonal regulation. In fact, consistent use of COCs can actually decrease the incidence of ovarian cysts over time.

In contrast, the other conditions listed are associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives. Thromboembolism is a well-documented risk, particularly in women who smoke or have other predisposing factors. Hypertension can also be exacerbated by the use of hormones found in COCs, especially in women who have a history of high blood pressure. Gallbladder disease, particularly gallstones, can arise due to the hormonal effects of oral contraceptives on gallbladder motility and cholesterol metabolism.

Thus, the understanding that COCs do not typically lead